In the early modern period, all German cities were fortified places. Because contemporary jurists have defined “city” as a coherent social body in a protected place, the urban environment had to be physically separate from the surrounding countryside. This separation was crucial to guaranteeing the city's commercial, political, and legal privileges. Fortifications were therefore essential for any settlement to be termed a city. This book tells the story of German cities' metamorphoses from walled to defortified places between 1689 and 1866. Using a wealth of original sources, The Defortification of the German City, 1689–1866 discusses one of the most significant moments in the emergence of the modern city: the dramatic and often traumatic demolition of the city's centuries-old fortifications and the creation the open city.

Yair Mintzker’s introduction (available for download above) was published by Cambridge University Press in the Publications of the German Historical Institute series. This version is free to view and download for personal use only. Not for re-distribution, re-sale or use in derivative works. © Yair Mintzker 2012. The title is also available for purchase on the Cambridge website.