1 I am grateful to Peter Burke for drawing my attention to these ventures, and for general comments on this essay. Thanks are due as well to Diana Sorensen, Anton Kaes, Volker Berghahn, and Sidra Ezrahi for their critical comments.
2 Daniel Liebeskind, Erweiterung des Berlin Museums mit Abteilung Jüdisches Museum (Berlin, 1992).
3 See Allen Megill, "History, Memory, Identity," History of the Human Sciences 11, no. 3 (1998): 37-62; Jeffrey K. Olick and Joyce Robbins, "Social Memory Studies: From 'Collective Memory' to the Historical Sociology of Mnemonic Practices," American Review of Sociology 24 (1998): 105-40.
4 Gustavo Perez Firmat, Life on the Hyphen: The Cuban-American Way (Austin, Tex., 1994).
5 Peter Novick, The Holocaust in American Life (Boston, 1999).
6 See Marita Sturken, Tangled Memories: The Vietnam War, the AIDS Epidemic, and the Politics of Remembering (Berkeley, Calif., 1997).
7 Dolores Hayden, "The Japanese-American Monument in Los Angeles," in Jay Winter and Emmanuel Sivan, eds., War and Remembrance in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge, 1999), 142-60.
8 Doris Sommer, Proceed with Caution, when Engaged by Minority Writing in the Americas (Cambridge, Mass., 1999), 115.
9 The citation is to the words of Werner Sollors, taken from the introduction to Genevieve Fabre and Robert O'Meally, eds., History and Memory in African-American Culture (New York, 1994), 7-8.
10 Dominick LaCapra, History and Memory After Auschwitz (Ithaca, N.Y., 1998), 8.
11 Pieter Lagrou, The Legacy of Nazi Occupation: Patriotic Memory and National Recovery in Western Europe, 1945-1965 (Cambridge, 1999).
12 OECD, Educational Statistics Yearbook, vol. 1: International Tables (Paris, 1974), table 7, 20; Eurostat Yearbook 98-99: A Statistical Eye on Europe, 1987-1997 (Brussels, 1999), table 12, 123.
13 On "patrimoine," see Pierre Nora, ed., Science et conscience du patrimoine: Entretiens du patrimoine, Theatre national de Chaillot, Paris, 28, 29 et 30 novembre 1994 (Paris, 1997).
14 Alan S. Milward, "Bad Memories," Times Literary Supplement, Apr. 14, 2000, 8.
15 Pierre Nora, ed., Essais d'ego-histoire (Paris, 1987).
16 Julian Barnes, England, England (London, 1998).
17 Jean Rouaud, Champs d'honneur (Paris, 1990).
18 Sébastien Japrisot, Un long dimanche de fiançailles: Roman (Paris, 1991).
19 Pat Barker, Regeneration (New York, 1991); The Eye in the Door (New York, 1993); and The Ghost Road (New York, 1995).
20 Sebastian Faulks, Birdsong (London, 1993).
21 Pat Barker, Another World (London, 1998).
22 Sebastian Faulks, Charlotte Gray (London, 1998).
23 Walter Benjamin, Illuminations, 1st American ed. (New York, 1968), 83-4.
24 LaCapra, History and Memory After Auschwitz, 8.
25 Laurence J. Kirmayer, "Landscapes of Memory: Trauma, Narrative, and Dissociation," in Paul Antze and Michael Lambek, eds., Tense Past: Cultural Essays in Trauma and Memory (London, 1996), 173-98.
26 See Allen Young, The Harmony of Illusions (Princeton, N.J., 1995), and Steve Southwick's work, cited in Winter and Sivan, eds., War and Remembrance, 15n. On this exciting field, see Daniel Schachter, ed., Memory Distortion: How Minds, Brains, and Societies Reconstruct the Past (Cambridge, Mass., 1995).
27 Sturken, Tangled Memories.
28 Roger Chartier, "Intellectual History or Sociocultural History? The French Trajectories," in Dominick LaCapra and Steven L. Kaplan, eds., Modern European Intellectual History: Reappraisals and New Perspectives (Ithaca, N.Y., 1982), 30.
29 Gareth Stedman Jones, Languages of Class: Studies in English Working-Class History, 1832-1982 (Cambridge, 1983).
30 For an aperitif, the reader might dip into these tantalizing studies by Corbin: Le village des cannibales (Paris, 1990); Le monde retrouvé de Louis-François Pinagot: Sur les traces d'un inconnu, 1798-1876 (Paris, 1998).
31 I am preparing a translation of essays.
32 For Koselleck's work, see among others, Otto Brunner, Werner Conze, and Reinhart Koselleck, eds., Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe: Historisches Lexikon zur politisch-sozialen Sprache in Deutschland, 8 vols. (Stuttgart, 1972-1997); Reinhart Koselleck and Klaus Schreiner, Bürgerschaft: Rezeption und Innovation der Begrifflichkeit vom Hohen Mittelalter bis ins 19. Jahrhundert (Stuttgart, 1994); Hartmut Lehmann and Melvin Richter, eds., The Meaning of Historical Terms and Concepts: New Studies on Begriffsgeschichte (Washington, D.C., 1996).
33 For Assmann's work, see among others, Das kulturelle Gedächtnis: Schrift, Erinnerung und politische Identität in frühen Hochkulturen (Munich, 1992). See also, from a different perspective, the work of Aleida Assmann, Erinnerungsräume: Formen und Wandel des kulturellen Gedächtnisses (Munich, 1999).
34 See the interesting collection by Christiane Cämmerer, Walter Delabar, and Marion Schulz, eds., Die totale Erinnerung: Sicherung und Zerstörung kulturhistorischer Vergangenheit und Gegenwart in den modernen Industriegesellschaften, special issue of Jahrbuch für Internationale Germanistik, Reihe A, 45 (Bern, 1997), esp. the article by Marianne Vogel, "Cherchez la femme, strategische Überlegungen zur Integration von Schriftstellerinnen ins kulturelle Gedächtnis."
35 On this and other points, see Lynn Hunt's introductory essay to her edition of essays in the field, The New Cultural History (Berkeley, Calif., 1989).
36 A good place to start on Lyotard's ideas is La condition postmoderne: Rapport sur le savoir (Paris, 1979). For Kristeva, see Soleil noir: Dépression et mélancolie (Paris, 1987).
37 The literature on this subject is vast. Two interesting recent points of entry are: (pro) Centre d' étude de l'Europe médiane, (Post)modernisme en Europe centrale: La crise des idéologies, sous la direction de Maria Delaperrière (Paris, 1999); and (con) Ernest Gellner, Postmodernism, Reason, and Religion (London, 1992).
38 Kerwin Lee Klein, "On the Emergence of Memory in Historical Discourse," Representations 69 (Winter 2000): 130, 136.