^* This text is not intended for attribution or quotation without the author's express consent.

Zimmerman Notes

¹ The limited space here prevents me from citing the important secondary literature on anthropology, museums, and collecting. For a more complete bibliography, see Andrew Zimmerman, "Anthropology and the Place of Knowledge in Imperial Berlin," Ph.D. diss., University of California at San Diego, 1998.

² See Leopold von Ranke, "Der Begriff des Fortschritts in der Geschichte" and "Idee der Universalhistorie," in Volker Dotterweich and Walther Peter Fuchs, eds., Vorlesungseinleitungen, vol. 4 of Walther Peter Fuchs and Theodor Schieder, eds., Leopold von Ranke: Aus Werk und Nachlass (Munich, 1975), 72­89, 255­61, and Weltgeschichte, 8 vols., 5th ed. (Leipzig, 1881; reprint, 1922), 1:v.; Georg Gottfried Gervinus, "Historische Briefe: Veranlaßt durch Heeren und das Archiv von Schlosser und Bercht," in Gesammelte Kleine Historische Schriften (Karlsruhe, 1838), 1­134; Johann Gustav Droysen, Rekonstruktion der ersten vollständigen Fassung der Vorlesungen (1857), in Historik, ed. Peter Leyh (Stuttgart, 1977), 380; Eduard Meyer, Geschichte des Orients bis zur Begründung des Perserreichs, vol. 1 of Geschichte des Alterthums (Stuttgart, 1884), 12.

³ Adolf Bastian, Zur Kenntniss Hawaiis (Berlin, 1883), 125.

⁴ Robert Hartmann, "Untersuchungen über die Völkerschaften Nord-Ost-Afrikas," Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 1 (1869): 31­2 (hereafter ZfE).

⁵ Bastian, "Das natürliche System in der Ethnologie," ZfE 1 (1869): 2.

⁶ On the Berlin Ethnology Museum's cases, see Klutmann, "Das Königliche Museum für Völkerkunde in Berlin," an offprint from the Zeitschrift für Bauwesen (Berlin, 1887), 8; Oswald Richter, "über die Idealen und Praktischen Aufgaben der Ethnographischen Museen," Museumskunde, 4 (1908): 226; Panzer, Incorporated, Berlin to Berlin Museum of Ethnology, Oct. 10, 1904, MfV Ic, vol. 6, 1575/04; George A. Dorsey, "Notes on the Anthropological Museums of Central Europe," American Anthropologist, n.s. 1 (1899): 471.

⁷ As the museum's architect explained, this design assisted in creating the kind of all-encompassing vision that anthropologists desired: "This kind of display . . . allows for a grouping of the objects that makes easier an overview (übersicht) according to individual ethnic groups, which is especially important in ethnological collections."

⁸ Karl von den Steinen remembered that Bastian did field research by seeking out "[European] authorities who had been familiar with the natives for years and who possessed the kind of thoroughly organized material in their manuscripts and collections that a hasty foreign visitor could never bring together."

⁹ Max Braun to Adolf Bastian, June 27, 1898, MfV, IB 48, Bd. 1, 927/98.

¹⁰ Bastian to Rudolf Virchow, Jan. 18, 1876, NL Virchow, 117 (part I), Bl. 19­22.

¹¹ Bastian to the General Museum Administration, July 12, 1899, MfV, I/1, vol. 1, 712/99.

¹² Karl von den Steinen, "Adolf Bastian. Gedächtnisfeier am 11. März 1905," ZfE 37 (1905): 247; Bernhard Ankermann, "Die Entwicklung der Ethnologie seit Adolf Bastian," ZfE 58 (1926): 227.

Fritz Graebner, "Adolf Bastian's 100. Geburtstag," Ethnologica 3 (1927): ix­xii.

¹⁴ See also Felix von Luschan to "Herr Hofrath," Jan. 8, 1891, NL Luschan, K. 21. Copie-Buch IV, Bl. 275­278

¹⁵ See Fritz Graebner, "Kulturkreise und Kulturschichten in Ozeanien," ZfE 37 (1905): 28­53; Bernard Ankermann, "Kulturkreise und Kulturschichten in Afrika," ZfE 37 (1905): 54­84.

¹⁶ The most notable descendent of these debates was the so-called Berlin museum war of the early 1920s, which involved the distinction between anthropological objects and art and the appropriate methods of displaying the objects of non-Europeans. Related to this question was the development in Germany of expressionist art that followed "primitive" art found in anthropology museums. On the "Berlin museum war," see Karl Scheffler, Berliner Museumskrieg (Berlin, 1921).

Grewe Notes

¹ George L. Mosse, The Image of Man: The Creation of Modern Masculinity (New York, 1996), 4­5.

² The following paragraph is based on material from the dissertation of Teresa Stanislo, University of Michigan, and her talk on "The Dangers of Civilization: Protecting Manliness in the Age of Enlightenment and 'National Liberation,'" Transatlantic Doctoral Seminar, German Historical Institute, Washington, D.C., Apr. 21­4, 1999.

³ Mosse, Image of Man, 4.

⁴ George L. Mosse, Nationalism and Sexuality: Respectability and Abnormal Sexuality in Modern Europe (New York, 1985), 78.

⁵ Ibid., 79. See also Friedrich Jahn and Ludwig Eiselen, Die Deutsche Turnkunst (Berlin, 1816), 244.

⁶ Pictured in Klaus Gallwitz, ed., Die Nazarener in Rom: Ein deutscher Künstlerbund der Romantik, German version of the exhibition catalog I Nazareni a Roma, Galleria Nationale d'Arte Moderna 1981 (Munich, 1981).