1 On this earlier cross-fertilization of ideas, see James T. Kloppenberg, Uncertain Victory: Social Democracy and Progressivism in European and American Thought, 1870-1920 (New York, 1986); and Daniel T. Rodgers, Atlantic Crossings: Social Politics in a Progressive Age (Cambridge, Mass., 1998).
2 Otto Kirchheimer, "Germany: The Vanishing Opposition," in Robert A. Dahl, ed., Political Oppositions in Western Democracy (New Haven, Conn., 1964), 237-59, a view already adumbrated in his "The Waning of Opposition in Parliamentary Regimes," in Social Research (summer 1957): 128-56. See also Karl Dietrich Bracher and Seymour Martin Lipset's articles in "A New Europe," Daedalus 93 (winter 1964).
3 On this theme, see Anne Sa'adah, Germany's Second Chance: Trust, Justice, and Democratization (Cambridge, Mass., 1998).